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|commander2= Vumindaba kaNthati Zibhebhu kaMapitha〔Knight, Ian. ''Zulu War 1879'', Osprey Publishing, 2003, ISBN 1-84176-612-7, p. 33.〕 |strength1=No.2 Column: ''British:'' 14 ''Native + colonial:'' ca. 511 No.3 Column: ''British:'' 734 ''Native + colonial:'' ca. 578 1,837 men total. In addition to the troops above, an indeterminate number of civilians (wagon drivers, servants, etc.) were also present.〔All figures from Holme, N. (1999) ''The Noble 24th: Biographical Records of the 24th Regiment in the Zulu War and the South African Campaigns, 1877–1879'' pp.377–378〕 |strength2=Zulu Impi: about 20,000〔Doyle, p. 120: "... around 20,000 ...". Colenso, p. 313, "The Zulu army, he (Nugwende) says, numbered 20,0000 ..." and p. 312, "... full nominal strength reaches a total of 30,900 men but the actual numbers are estimated at from 20,000 to 25,000〕 ca. 10,000 to 15,000 engaged Reserve: 4,000 to 5,000 to Rorke's Drift |casualties1=Over 1,300 killed:〔Knight (2002), p. 86〕 52 officers〔 727 British regulars〔〔Smith-Dorrien, Chapter 1D, "... nearly 900 British and 2,000 or 3,000 natives, friend and foe, had breathed their last on the fatal 22nd."〕 471 others including:〔 133 European Colonial troops〔Colenso, p. 312, gives 1333 also states a "given" total as 822 but says the actual loss is slightly higher〕 343 African Natal Native Contingent〔Lock, p. 224〕 2 artillery pieces captured |casualties2=1,000 killed〔Knight, Ian. ''Isandlwana 1879: The Great Zulu Victory'', Osprey, 2002, p. 86, "Zulu casualties were almost as heavy (as the British). Although it is impossible to say with certainty, at least 1,000 were killed outright in the assault...". Knight's estimate of Zulu casualties is more in keeping with those suffered by the Zulu at Kambula, where a British column forms an excellent defensive position with a wagon lager, six 7 pounder artillery pieces and 2,000 soldiers and inflicts 800(counted bodies)-1,000 killed on the Zulu. Similarly, Knight & Castle.'' Zulu War 1879: twilight of a warrior nation'', 1992, p.54 and in their ''Zulu War'', 2004, p.114, state that the Zulu casualties at Kambula and Isandlwana are comparable. Again, Ian Knight. ''Brave Men's Blood, The Epic of the Zulu War, 1879'', (1990), p.142, "785 () were collected from close by the camp", while there is a British pursuit at Kambula that inflicts many casualties on the Zulu, there is only the British retreat at Isandlwana during which the Zulu inflict many casualties. Also Laband, ''Historical Dictionary'', 2009, p.123.〕〔Smith-Dorrien, Chapter 1D, "The next few days after the battle, St. Matthew's simile, " Wheresoever the carcase is, there will the eagles be gathered together," was fully illustrated, for literally the sky was darkened at times by continuous streams of " Aasvogels " heading from all directions to the battlefield marked by that precipitous and conspicuous crag, like a lion couchant, " Isandhlwana " where nearly 900 British and 2,000 or 3,000 natives, friend and foe, had breathed their last on the fatal 22nd." As can be seen from this account there were from ''both sides'' a total of 2 to 3 thousand natives killed.〕 2,000 wounded }} The Battle of Isandlwana (alternative spelling: Isandhlwana) on 22 January 1879 was the first major encounter in the Anglo–Zulu War between the British Empire and the Zulu Kingdom. Eleven days after the British commenced their invasion of Zululand in South Africa, a Zulu force of some 20,000 warriors attacked a portion of the British main column consisting of about 1,800 British, colonial and native troops and perhaps 400 civilians.〔Knight (2002), p. 49, Knight gives a total of 1,768 combat troops, not including wagon drivers and other civilians, of which there were some 350, Colenso, p. 263〕 The Zulus were equipped mainly with the traditional assegai iron spears and cow-hide shields,〔Christon I. Archer (History of Warfare'' ), Univ of Nebraska Pr, 2008, ISBN 0-8032-1941-5, p.462 "They had a national army of twenty-five thousand men equipped with cowhide shields, assegais and clubs."〕 but also had a number of muskets and old rifles〔Smith-Dorrien, Chapter 1B "It was a marvellous sight, line upon line of men in slightly extended order, one behind the other, firing as they came along, for ''a few of them had firearms'', bearing all before them." eyewitness account, emphasis added〕 though they were not formally trained in their use.〔Ian Knight, Angus McBride (''Zulu 1816–1906'' ), Osprey Publishing, 1995, ISBN 1-85532-474-1, p. 25〕 The British and colonial troops were armed with the state-of-the-art〔Lock, p. 40〕 Martini-Henry breech-loading rifle and two 7-pounder (3-inch, 76 mm) mountain guns deployed as field guns,〔(【引用サイトリンク】title=Major D.D. Hall, "ARTILLERY IN THE ZULU WAR - 1879", in The South African Military History Society Military History Journal, Vol 4 No 4 - Zulu War Centenary Issue - January 1979 )〕〔(John McAdam, FRGS, "The Role of the Royal Artillery during the Anglo Zulu War" )〕 as well as a rocket battery. Despite a vast disadvantage in weapons technology,〔Doyle, p. 118: "It was here ... the British Army suffered it worst ever defeat at the hands of a ''technologically inferior indigenous force''." (emphasis added)〕 the numerically superior Zulus ultimately overwhelmed the poorly led and badly deployed〔Morris, pp. 366–367〕 British, killing over 1,300 troops, including all those out on the forward firing line. The Zulu army suffered around a thousand killed.〔Ian Knight Rorke's Drift 1879 Osprey Publishing, 1996, ISBN 1-85532-506-3.〕 The battle was a decisive victory for the Zulus and caused the defeat of the first British invasion of Zululand.〔Thompson, p.75 "Thus ended the first British invasion of Zululand." Knight (2003), p. 27 Map titled: "First invasion of Zululand".〕 The British Army had suffered its worst defeat against an indigenous technologically vastly inferior foe.〔 Isandlwana resulted in the British taking a much more aggressive approach in the Anglo–Zulu War, leading to a heavily reinforced second invasion〔Morris, pp. 498–511, Chapter 'The Second Invasion'〕 and the destruction of King Cetshwayo's hopes of a negotiated peace.〔Spiers, p. 42, "... reports of the annihilation ... prompted the Cabinet to send reinforcements and galvanized interest in the war." Ian Knight, ''Zulu War'', Osprey, 2004, p. 11, "The home government, embarrassed by Isandlwana, sought to restore British honour by despatching more reinforcements ..."〕 ==Background== (詳細はimperialist scheme by which Lord Carnarvon had brought about Confederation in Canada through the 1867 British North America Act, it was thought that a similar plan might succeed in South Africa and in 1877 Sir Henry Bartle Frere was appointed as High Commissioner for Southern Africa to instigate the scheme.〔Knight, ''Zulu War 1879'', 2004, pp. 8, 15, 17, 68. Similarly, Lock & Quantrill, ''Zulu Victory, 2002'', p.23 and Langer, ''The Diplomacy of Imperialism: 1890-1902'' (2nd ed. 1950) pp. 67-100.〕 Some of the obstacles to such a plan were the presence of the independent states of the South African Republic and the Kingdom of Zululand, both of which the British Empire would attempt to overcome by force of arms.〔Knight (1992, 2002), p. 8.〕 Bartle Frere, on his own initiative, without the approval of the British government〔Spiers, p. 41〕〔Ian Knight, ''Zulu War'', Osprey, 2004, p. 9, "By late 1878 Frere had manipulated a diplomatic crisis with the Zulus ..."〕 and with the intent of instigating a war with the Zulu, had presented an ultimatum to the Zulu king Cetshwayo on 11 December 1878 with which the Zulu king could not possibly comply.〔Colenso, pp. 261–262, "the terms ... are evidently such as he (Cetshwayo) may not improbably refuse, even at the risk of war ... to preclude you from incurring the delay ... involved in consulting Her Majesty's Government upon a subject of so much importance as the terms ..." Also: Ian Knight, ''Zulu War'', Osprey, 2004, p. 11, "... an ultimatum with which, Frere knew, they could not possibly comply." Doyle, p. 118, "... an impossible ultimatum ...".〕 When the ultimatum expired a month later, Bartle Frere ordered Lord Chelmsford to proceed with a pre-planned invasion of Zululand.〔Morris, pp. 291–292〕 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「Battle of Isandlwana」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
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